The Ishumar, a group of “new modern nomads” are borderliners who move between Niger, Algeria, and Libya, and in doing so not only cross territorial borders, but also social and societal boundaries and barriers. It is characteristic of the Ishumar that their way of life is one beyond traditional systems. They break away from traditional norms and values, select special elements, change them, and place them into a new context. Their ideas, concepts and ideals of beauty and aesthetics, values and morals, can be regarded as an indicator of sociocultural changes in the Sahara.
Wie sieht nomadisches Leben zwischen den verschiedenen territorialen Grenzen der modernen Sahara-Staaten aus? Ines Kohl interpretiert die neuen Vorstellungen von Schönheit, Moral, Musik und Materiellem als Indikator für soziokulturelle Veränderungen in der Sahara.
Ishumar werden jene Tuareg genannte, die aus politischen und wirtschaftlichen Gründen ihre ursprünglichen Herkunftsländer Mali und Niger verlassen mussten und nach Libyen migriert sind – moderne Nomaden, die sich im Grenzbereich zwischen Libyen, Algerien, Niger und Mali bewegen. Dabei überschreiten sie nicht nur territoriale, sondern auch soziale und gesellschaftliche Grenzen und Schranken. Jenseits traditioneller Systeme brechen sie alte Normen und Werte auf, nehmen sich spezielle Elemente heraus, verändern sie und stellen sie in einen neuen Kontext. Ines Kohl interpretiert die neuen Vorstellungen von Schönheit, Moral, Musik und Materiellem als Indikator für soziokulturelle Veränderungen in der Sahara.
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Acknowledgments | 9
Tuareg - Imajefen - Ishumar | 11
ABOUT ISHUMAR, OR RESEARCH BETWEEN BORDERS |12
A Fieldworker's Everyday Life | 14
Awidu tiset! - Give me the Mirror! | 22
ISHUMAR, BOROERLINERS OF THE SAHARA | 26
The Borderliner Triangle | 29
100.000 Tons of Uranium and Structural Poverty | 29
Arlit, Centre and Periphery | 29
The Tasha: Stop for the afrod Trafic | 29
Zones of Transition | 35
Tibarakaten: Symbol of Illegal Border Traffic | 35
Initiation Tafellelet | 35
Legal Places of Artificial Borders | 35
Life in Transit | 40
LlBYA, THE "ISHUMARS' EUROPE" | 44
Afrod to Libya | 46
In Search of the Rebellion | 46
Across the Tafellelet | 46
Being a rebel | 46
"I'm from the Sahara" | 46
For the "Tuaregs' Sons" | 52
From Blood to Soil: Changing Affiliations | 52
From Impoverished Nomads to Sedentary Citizens | 52
Life Strategies in Libya | 56
Inadan and Imajefen: Joking or Avoidance? | 56
The "Jackals" of the Jewellery Trade | 56
Ishumar, die New Inadan? | 56
Money or Beauty? | 56
TIHUSSAY - BEAUTY, OR ABOUT THE BODY'S VALUE | 66
Fat is Beautiful | 68
"Beauty Benefits the Soul" | 71
The Role of Blood in the Conception of Beauty | 73
Blood and Vein | 73
Beauty, Values, and Morals | 73
WEDDING FEASTS AND GUITAR SOUNDS: THE
AESTHETICS OF MODERN NOMADS | 78
The Beautiful Women from "Outside" | 80
About Life Outside | 80
Tying the knot | 80
Mariama and Hamu: An Ishumar Wedding | 88
Guitar: Bridge between Tradition und Modernity | 95
Intellectuals and Ex-Rebels: The Ishumar Music Scene | 95
Rebellion Songs, Social Critidsm, and Awareness of Tradition | 95
TRADITIONAL BEAUTY - BEAUTIFUL TRADITION | 108
Visualizing Beauty | 110
"The Fire of Rhissa" | 110
The tagelmust: Expression of Male Attractiveness? | 110
Rasta and Bob | 110
Scarifications for Beauty and Health | 110
Competition in Beauty and Music | 121
New Tradition? | 121
THE THINGS MOST BEAUTIFUL | 128
Attractiveness of Money and the Beauty of Material Things | 130
Bibliography | 136
Glossary | 138