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In a post-9/11 world, many Americans conflate the mainstream Muslim majority with the beliefs and actions of an extremist minority. But what do the world’s Muslims think about the West, or about democracy, or about extremism itself? Who Speaks for Islam? spotlights this silenced majority. The book is the product of a mammoth six-year study in which the Gallup Organization conducted tens of thousands of hour-long, face-to-face interviews with residents of more than 35 predominantly Muslim nations — urban and rural, young and old, men and women, educated and illiterate. It asks the questions everyone is curious about: Why is the Muslim world so anti-American? Who are the extremists? Is democracy something Muslims really want? What do Muslim women want? The answers to these and other pertinent, provocative questions are provided not by experts, extremists, or talking heads, but by empirical evidence — the voices of a billion Muslims.Table of ContentsIntroduction Islam's Silenced Majority ix Who Are Muslims? 1 (28) Democracy or Theocracy? 29 (36) What Makes a Radical? 65 (34) What Do Women Want? 99 (36) Clash or Coexistence? 135 (32)Acknowledgements 167 (2)Appendix A Methodological Design and Sampling 169 (6)Appendix B The Gallup Journey to Poll the World 175 (10)Notes 185

 

 

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In Review : Who Speaks for Islam?

by Jamal Rahman

posted Oct 31, 2008

Since 9/11, voices on all sides have expressed shrill opinions about the Muslim World that Islamic sages might describe as “all fireworks and little light.” A new book contributes real data to clear away misunderstandings and challenge stereotypes. Who Speaks for Islam? summarizes a six-year Gallup study that sampled from more than 90 percent of the world’s 1.3 billion Muslims in 35 countries.

A major finding: Militant extremism is created not by Islamic principles but by political orientation. In nearly every suicide bombing attack from 1980 to 2004, the primary motive was to overthrow foreign occupation, not further religious views. According to the Gallup study, 93 percent of Muslims who condemn the terrorist act of 9/11 cite the Quran. The 7 percent who consider it “completely justified” cite political grievances.

However, most Muslims are dissatisfied with Western policy toward Islamic nations. The majority, moderate or radicalized, believe the U.S. government is insincere about fostering democracy in Muslim countries and that Western policy is rooted in desire for economic and political domination.

Despite such political frustrations, the book also reveals that most Muslims, moderate and extreme, admire Western technology and democracy. They want better relations with the West, but do not want to share in what they perceive as its moral decay.

Most Muslim men and women want Sharia to be a source of legislation but do not want clerics directly involved in crafting laws. Sharia is the timeless guidance derived primarily from the Quran and Prophetic Tradition. Interpretation of Sharia constitutes Islamic law. Repressive elements of the laws, most women in the Gallup Poll emphasized, are “not Sharia compliant” and must be challenged and changed.

The overwhelming majority of women and a majority of men, even in conservative societies, favor equal rights for women. But Muslim women insist their empowerment cannot be imported and must be consistent with Islamic values. Working within this framework, they have successfully amended rape laws, gotten fatwas issued against female genital mutilation, and overturned unfair rules for women at Mecca’s Grand Mosque. They distrust Western campaigns to “rescue” them because they have often been used to justify colonialism and occupation.

The book offers both warning and hope. It cautions that diagnosing terrorism as a symptom and Islam as the problem only confirms extremists’ beliefs, alienates the moderate majority of Muslims, and reinforces perceptions that the “War on Terror” is an attack on Islam.

On a hopeful note, the book affirms that Islam does not motivate violence, and that many problems can be solved by political negotiation and greater mutual respect. For instance, Americans who know at least one Muslim are likely to view Islam positively. And Muslims say it is their responsibility to help stop terrorism.

Muslims and non-Muslims must reach out to each other. As the Quran says, God created diversity so that we might “get to know one another.”

 

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