Aktion	Zweigstelle	Standorte	Status	Frist	Vorbestellungen
Vorbestellen	Zweigstelle: 07., Urban-Loritz-Pl. 2a	Standorte: GW.VT FS.E Barn / College 6x - Magazin: bitte wenden Sie sich an die Infotheke	Status: Verfügbar	Frist:	Vorbestellungen: 0

Barnard argued that organizations are essentially cooperative systems, integrating the contributions of their individual participants. Implicit in this formulation are the dual ideas that (1) participants must be induced to contribute and (2) efforts must be directed toward a common purpose. One of the functions of the executive is to inculcate "belief in the real existence of a common purpose" (1938:87). Barnard attempted to reconcile two competing factors: the imposition of goals from above and contribution of compliance from below. He argued that it is a "fiction that authority comes down from above," (1938:170), noting that leaders will invoke authority but nevertheless fail to gain compliance. This, he argued, is because authority depends on its validation from the response of those who are subject to it: "the decision as whether an order has authority or not lies with the persons to whom it is addressed, and does not reside in 'persons of authority' or those who issue these orders" (1938:163). Barnard argued that the most critical factor in creating a successful organization is the formation of a collective purpose that becomes morally binding on the participants: The distinguishing mark of the executive responsibility is that it requires not merely conformance to a complex code of morals, but also the creation of moral codes for others. The most generally recognized aspect of this function is called securing, creating, and inspiring of "morale" in an organization. This is the process of inculcating points of view, fundamental attitudes, loyalties, to the organization or cooperative system, and to the system of objective authority, that will result in subordinating individual interest and the minor dictates of personal codes to the good of the cooperative whole (1938:279).